Chemical and biological weapons Essay Example For Students

Chemical and biological weapons Essay Will the human race still be in existence in fifty more years? Although likely, there is a very real possibility that we will not be here. For example, after the Gulf War, we found Saddam Hussein stockpiling Weapons of Mass Destruction. Did you know that he had enough weapons to kill every single human, dog, and cow on the face of the earth? When I found that out, I thought it was very interesting, so I decided to do a report on it. If you keep reading, youll find out what Ive found out. Who funds the making of chemical or biological weapons? The answer is many people. However the government is the main source of money. For example, they make labs built to find defenses against new chemical or biological weapons. The catch is that in order to find new defenses, they must first build new weapons. That brings us to terrorists. Government officials make the information on how to make these weapons of mass destruction too accessible to terrorists, which eventually results in successful terrorists attacks that injure or harm many people. An example of this was in the spring of 1995 when a Japanese mafia gang set off sarin gas and killed 12 people in a subway, while injuring over fifty. Now, you might be asking yourself, whats the difference between chemical and biological warfare? Some major differences are when each has been used in history and / or what makes up a chemical or biological weapon. First, theres the obvious difference of what makes up a chemical or biological weapon. Chemical weapons use chemical agents while biological weapons use bacteria from the earth and weaponizes the bacteria. While biological weapons have never been used for a modern war, they were once a very common weapon. You see, biological weapons were used for centuries in such ways as throwing dead bodies into their enemies water supply to sabotage it. Chemical weapons were never used in ancient times, as they didnt have the technology. They have however found much use in our modern world. In fact, during World War I, chemical weapons found more use than ever before. The main weapon was mustard gas, it was responsible for two percent of the total deaths during that period. The next time chemical warfare was used on a large scale was during the Vietnam War. The main thing used was called Agent Orange which was used to kill off important plants, food, or livestock. If youre wondering, how the heck can chemicals or bacteria change my body you would be surprised at the things they can do. For example they can cripple you (permanently or temporarily). They can paralyze you (permanently or temporarily). They can even disfigure you or turn your skin inside out. Another thing they can do, is they can immobilize one part of your body but not another; they can do this to the extent of paralyzing your index finger and your ring finger on one hand, but not harm anything else. The delivery method for chemical or biological weapons can be artillery shells, bombs, sprays, darts, or pretty much anything that can explode, pierce the skin, or infect in some way. If in a bomb or shell, the chemicals or bacteria usually spread out after impact. On a dart, all you do is cover the tip and pierce someone else skin and they are infected. There are many different kinds of chemical and biological weapons in existence today. Here are some of the kinds of biological weapons being used today in modern science. One disease is anthrax. Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. It has two types; cutanous which means in the skin, and inhalation which means inhaled into the lungs. Inhalation is the deadlier type of anthrax exposure. The incubation period for cutanous anthrax ranges from one to seven days which is not much different from inhalation anthrax whose incubation period ranges from one to six days. The mortality rate for cutanous anthrax without treatment is ten to twenty percent. After treatment, it drops to less than one percent. The mortality rate for inhalation anthrax without treatment is ninety to one hundred percent and is usually not diagnosed in time for treatment. Another biological weapon is Botulinum Toxins. Botulism is caused by intoxication with any of the seven distinct neurotoxins produced by the bacillus, Clostridium botulinum. In pure form, the toxin is a white crystalline substance which is readily dissolvable in water but decays rapidly in the open air. The incubation period for inhalation botulinum ranges from one day to several days after exposure. Reported cases of botulism prior to 1950 had a mortality rate of sixty percent. With tracheotomy and ventilator assistance, fatalities should be five percent. Initial signs and symptoms of botulinum include ptosis, generalized weakness and dizziness. Diminished salivation with extreme dryness of the mouth and throat may cause complaints of a sore throat. Urinary retention may also occur. Motor symptoms usually are present early in the disease; cranial nerves are affected first with blurred vision, diplopia, ptosis, and photophobia. Development of respiratory failure may be abrupt. Mucous membranes of the mouth may be dry and crusted. Deep tendon reflexes vary from intact to absent. Brucellosis is next. Brucellosis is a systemic zoonotic disease caused by one of four species of bacteria: Brucella melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis, and B. canis. Fatality rates tend to decrease for humans somewhat the farther down in the order you go. Brucella canis is primarily a pathogen of dogs, and only occasionally causes disease in humans. Humans are infected when they inhale contaminated aerosols, ingest raw (unpasteurized) infected milk or meat, or have abraded skin or conjunctive surfaces that come in contact with the bacteria. Brucellosis incubation period normally ranges from one to four weeks but can vary from one week to several months. Now, we have cholera. Cholera is a diarrheal disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholera, a short, curved, gram-negative bacillus. Humans acquire the disease by consuming water or food contaminated with the organism. The organism multiplies in the small intestine and secretes an enterotoxin that causes a secretory diarrhea. If used in a biological attack, it would most likely be used to contaminate water. Without treatment, death may result from severe dehydration or shock. Symptoms do not include fever or abominable pain.Clostridium Perfringens Toxins is next. Clostridium perfringens is a common anaerobic bacterium associated with three distinct disease syndromes; gas gangrene or clostridial myonecrosis; enteritis necroticans (pig-bel); and clostridium food poisoning. It is difficult to imagine a general scenario in which the spores or vegetative organisms could be used as a biological warfare agent. There are, however, at least 12 protein toxins and one or more of these could be produced or concentrated and used as a weapon. Waterborne disease is conceivable, but unlikely. Gas gangrene is a well-recognized, life-threatening emergency. Symptoms of the disease may be subtle before fulminate toxemia develops, and the diagnosis is often made at postmortem examination. Within hours signs of systemic toxicity appear, including confusion, tachycardia, and sweating. Most Clostridia species produce large amounts of CO2 and hydrogen that cause intense swelling, hence the term gas gangrene, resulting in gas in the soft tissues and the emission of foul-smelling gas from the wound. Clinical features include necrosis, dark red serous fluid, and numerous gas filled vesicles.No specific treatment is available for C. pefringens intoxication. Early antibiotic treatment is effective, if undertaken before significant amounts of toxins have accumulated in the body. If not treated the bacteria enter the bloodstream causing fatal systemic illness. There is no available prophylaxi s against most C. perfringens toxins. Toxoids are being used to prevent enteritis necroticans in humans, and veterinary toxoids are in wide use. Melioidosis is what I will be talking about next. It is an infectious disease of humans and animals caused by Pseudomonas pseudomallei, a gram-negative bacillus. Melioidosis is most commonly found in southeast Asia but has been found in many different countries around the world. If someone were to employ this as a biological weapon, it would most likely be through an aerosol route. Infection by inoculation results in a subcutaneous nodule with acute lymphangitis and regional lymphadenitis, generally with fever. After melioidosis is breathed in or has been dispersed through the blood stream, pneumonia may occur. The intensity may vary from very mild to explosive, usually involves the upper lobes, and often results in cavitation.Antibiotic regimens that have been used successfully include tetracycline, 2-3 grams per day; chloramphenicol, 3 grams per day; and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 4 and 20 milligrams / kilograms per day. Ceftazidine and piperacillin have had moderate success in severely ill patients as well. In patients who are toxic, a combination of two antibiotics (ceftazidine and piperacillin), given is advised. Next, we have, the plague. The plague is a zoonotic disease caused by Yersinia pestis. Under natural conditions, humans become infected as a result of contact with rodents and their fleas. Under natural conditions, three syndromes are recogniz ed: bubonic, primary septicemia, or pneumonic. In a biological warfare scenario, the plague bacillus could be delivered via contaminated vectors (fleas) causing the bubonic type, or via aerosol causing the pneumonic type. The bubonic plagues incubation period ranges, on average, from two to ten days. The onset of the bubonic plague is acute and often explosive with malaise, high fever, and at least one tender lymph node. Bubonic plague may progress spontaneously to the septicemia form with organisms spread to the CNS (central nervous system), lungs (producing pneumonic disease), and elsewhere. In untreated patients, the mortality rate averages fifty percent with the fatal event being circulatory collapse, hemorrhage, and peripheral thrombosis. Margaret Hilda Thatcher EssayNext on our list of biological weapons is Ricin. Ricin is a glycoprotein toxin from the seed of the castor plant. It blocks protein synthesis by altering the rRNA, thus killing the cell. Ricins significance as a potential biological warfare agent relates to its availability world wide, its ease of production, and extreme pulmonary toxicity when inhaled. Next is RVF; Rift Valley Fever. RVF is a viral disease caused by RVF virus. The virus circulates in sub-Saharan Africa as a mosquito-borne agent. Epizootics occur when susceptible domestic animals are infected, and because of the large amount of virus in their serum, amplify infection to biting arthropods. The incubation period averages two to five days and is usually followed by an incapacitating febrile illness of similar duration. The typical symptoms are fever, conjunctival injection, and sometimes abdominal tenderness. A few petechiae (a minute reddish or purplish spot containing blood that appears in skin or mucous membrane especially in some infectious diseases) or a bloody nose may occur. A small proportion of cases (approximately one percent) will progress to a viral hemorrhagic fever syndrome; mortality in this group is roughly fifty percent.Saxitoxin is next. Saxitoxin is the parent compound of a family of chemically related neurotoxins. In nature they are predominantly pr oduced by marine dinoflagellates, although they have also been identified in association with such diverse organisms as blue-green algae, crabs, and the blue-ringed octopus. Human intoxications are principally due to ingestion of bivalve mollusks which have accumulated dinoflagellates during filter feeding. The resulting intoxication, known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), is known throughout the world as a severe, life threatening illness requiring immediate medical intervention. In a BW scenario, the most likely route of delivery is by inhalation or toxic projectile. In addition, saxitoxin could be used in a confined area to contaminate water supplies. No vaccine against saxitoxin exposure has been developed for human use. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) is next. SEB is one of several exotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus, causing food poisoning when ingested. A BW attack with aerosol delivery of SEB to the respiratory tract produces a distinct syndrome causing significant morbidity and potential mortality. The disease begins one to six hours after exposure with the sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, myalgia, and nonproductive cough. In more severe cases, dyspnea and retrosternal chest pain may also be present. A fever, which may reach 103-106 F could last two to five days. However, cough may persist one to four weeks. In many patients nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea will also occur. The final biological weapon that you will learn about is Trichothecene Mycotoxins. The trichothecene mycotoxins are a diverse group of more than 40 compounds produced by fungi. They are potent inhibitors of protein synthesis, impair DNA synthesis, alter cell membrane structure and function, and inhibit mitochondrial respiration. Secondary metabolizes of fungi, such as T-2 toxin and others, produce toxic reactions called mycotoxicoses upon inhalation or consumption of contaminated food products by humans or animals. Naturally occurring trichothecenes have been identified in agricultural products and have been implicated in a disease of animals known as moldy corn toxicosis or poisoning. Consumption of these mycotoxins results in weight loss, vomiting, skin inflammation, bloody diarrhea, diffuse hemorrhage, and possibly death. The onset of illness following acute exposure to T-2 (IV or inhalation) occurs in hours, resulting in the rapid onset of circulatory shock characterized by reduced cardiac arrest, arterial hypotension, lactic acidosis and death within twelve hours. Now onto chemical weapons. Chemical weapons are not classified in the same way as biological weapons. In Chemical warfare, there are different types of agents which are given names and classified as a blood agent, nerve agent, pulmonary agent, or blister / vesicant agent. I will be talking about the different classes of agent while giving some examples. First, nerve agents. Right now, there are eight known nerve agents: Tabun, Sarin, Soman, Methylphosphonothioic acid, Cyclohexyl Methylphosphonofluridate, Phosphonofluoridic acid, Phosphonothioic acid, and Amiton. Some health effects that may occur after a nerve agent attack include disabled enzymes that are responsible for transmitting nerve impulses, irreversible / reversible nerve damage, and even death, depending on the agent, within fifteen minutes. Here are two examples of what nerve agents can do. Sarin is an organophosphorous ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent. The other example is of Soman. Soman is an organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.Now we have blister / vesicant agents. This class of agent has the ability to cause skin blisters or damage eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, and internal organs. Initial effects usually occur very rapidly after exposure. They can also destroy different substances within cells of living tissue. In these cases, initial effects occur twelve to twenty-four hours after exposure. There is a possibility of death if complications from a lung injury occur. An example of this type of agent is dichloroformoxine. If exposed to the chemical agent called dichloroformoxine, you would most likely be in duced to urticaria. However, your guinea pig can get it also. Onto pulmonary agents. Liquid pulmonary agents are almost always dispersed in gas form and can damage the respiratory tract causing severe pulmonary edema in about four hours, leading to eventual death. Effects are variable but are either rapid or delayed: depending on what agent was used. Two examples of pulmonary agents that can or have been used as a chemical weapon are CG phosgene and C1 chlorine. CG phosgene is a highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison, as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. C1 chlorine is a greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number seventeen, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabr ic bleaching. Finally, our last chemical agent class: blood agents. Blood agents are very dangerous in that besides being highly volatile, they act very rapidly, can cause seizures, result in cardiac arrest, and can cause respiratory failure. An example of one blood agent is Hydrogen cyanide (HCN). HCN is a toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials. Now, if youre like me, youre wondering: is a chemical weapon or a biological weapon is more deadly and why? Well, after seeing what kinds of chemical and biological weapons there are and what each can do, its your opinion. After all, both have many different purposes. Also, some weapons are deadly but dont cover a large area while others go over a larger area infecting more people. If someone were to repeat 9/11, but with the plane coated in smallpox or some other disease, the death and injury toll would be much higher. It would result in mass infection (especially if contagious), and besides a higher death and injury toll, many people would be disabled. So as you can see from my report, both chemical and biological weapons are very dangerous. They can do almost anything and can be spread almost anywhere. Not only that but the number of different kinds of weapons is only growing. Is a chemical or biological war coming up? I hope not, because we have the power to easily eliminate the human race along with everything else.

The Social and Political Context free essay sample

The social and political context of the sasss Is crucial to any understanding of the birth of rock n roll. Rock was formed out of the social, economic and political context of post-war America. The social context was on the bases of the post war baby boom, which counted for the birth of 77 million babies between the years 1946-1964. By the year 1964 forty percent of Americas population was under twenty years of age.For the first time both middle and working class youths were acquiring an affiance lifestyle. Disposable income came from part-time work and pocket money, which gave youths some form of spending power, which gave them a sense of independence. This mind you were what Wickers point out was due to Americas economic growth and capitalism, which was reinstated in the country. The American governments distrust In politicians as well as other members In different Institutions led to the investigation of numerous people and the need for government employees to sign loyalty oaths. We will write a custom essay sample on The Social and Political Context or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page America became obsessed with the need to conform in social behavior, so much so that youths were placed under immense pressure to understand the important value of the American way of life, which was to do well at school. This message was deployed through the bombardment of propaganda campaigns. It was this notion of importance on school that sociologist Coleman describes as being the reason for the segregation of youths from the rest of society by forming a new culture ;teenagers a group of youths which are of the same age group.This formation was encouraged by the school based activities that they had to participate In. The rules Implemented at teenagers were met with rebellious attitude. The Ideological view that the government had built around education was seen to be artificial. The notion that a good education would equip an Individual with a good Job did not fall through as many teenagers realized. As a result cultural Industries saw fit to move in and make profit from this reality by offering a form of escapism through music.Music mainly Rhythm and Blues was expressing the experiences of young teenagers. Teenagers no longer upheld the values and message that their parents and schools were promoting. This created conflict between the cultural industries ho were promoting the pleasures of consumption with the traditional view of educational demands. This was seen to be the background formation and experience for rock n roll. It was due to the experiences of teenagers that Rock n roll formed. Rock n roll Is due to Presley etc.However the arguments put forward on the notion that the social and political undermined by Peterson who states that the birth of Rock n roll can not be purely based and credited to the individuals mentioned above. That is not to say he is undermining their talent but instead such talent can be found on a wider scale, however only a few make the forefront. The baby boom explanation he says is simple in that in 1954 the oldest ages of the baby boomers were nine years of and age and around half were not yet born.He offers an alternative reason for the birth of rock n roll which is found on the bases of six factors, law, technology, industry structure, organization structure, occupational career and market. The most important determining factors identified by Peterson are the law and technology. The CAPS controlled the reproduction of music and hence controlled what could and could not be played on radio. As a result the radio networks were tired of these limitations and et up the IBM in the hope to play different forms of music to that what the CAPS was traditionally playing.However there was a dispute over the revenues from copyrights. It was to this that Rock n Roll developed a new genre formed two existing genres of music, country music and the most influential was Rhythm and blues. Hence the music was not something new derived in the sasss instead it was already in existence as the majority of rock n roll songs in the beginning were adopted from black music. Black music had already established the idea of expressing the woes of life experiences. As rock n roll was based on this, this undermines the idea that the genre of music emerged due to the problems that youngsters felt they encountered. The introduction of television meant that owners of radio as well as programmer moved on to the screen, this left the radio with a lot of available time slots which needed to be filled in, this concurred at the same time that imported Japanese portable radios were cheaply and readily available. The remaining factors were due to major record labels ignoring the new genre of music and hence as a result the independents moved in and catered for the ever-growing diverse teenage segment.

AP English Language and Composition Defiance Sample Essay

AP English Language and Composition Defiance Sample EssayWe will give you an easy to follow AP English Language and Composition disobedience sample essay to help you through the assignment that many students find difficult. It can be difficult to write a great essay when you are working on something new and this type of writing will make it easier for you.AP English Language and Composition disobedience sample essays are one of the most used essay examples because they are easy to follow. This type of essay uses common themes and words that a student will use throughout the writing process.The disobedience sample essay includes some common words that students use when writing the essay. The first couple paragraphs contain the same word or words used throughout the entire essay. The essay has information about teachers giving inappropriate consequences for students who have not completed the work.The first paragraph covers topics that the essay will discuss. In the essay, the beginnin g paragraph states the rules of behavior. The rules of behavior to deal with the topic of personal responsibility.The second paragraph of the AP English Language and Composition disobedience sample essay addresses each student's responsibilities. In the second paragraph, each student is able to provide a different story about what they believe caused the situation.The third paragraph of the AP English Language and Composition disobedience sample essay discusses the topic of employment. The essay addresses the requirement that students demonstrate that they are capable of working in a specific job field. The third paragraph includes a summary of the tasks that students will perform for the work and examples of these tasks.The fourth paragraph of the AP English Language and Composition disobedience sample essay deals with the topic of recognition. The fourth paragraph has students do research that demonstrates their understanding of the topic. In the fourth paragraph, students describ e how they were able to apply the information from the research.The fifth paragraph of the AP English Language and Composition disobedience sample essay covers the topic of success. The essay has students focus on three main concepts. In the fifth paragraph, students will need to write a personal statement that shows their understanding of the topic.

Case Study Moda Milano Mobili Essay Example Essay Example

Case Study: Moda Milano Mobili Essay Example Paper Case Study: Moda Milano Mobili Essay Introduction Moda Milano Mobili is a medium size furniture manufacturer who primarily crafts living room sofas, chairs and dining room chairs, as well as complementary coffee tables, side tables and dining room tables. Their product style is based on contemporary designs with simple clear flowing lines without many details that using Australian cowhide and native timbers. Other than manufacture, Moda Milano Mobili retails their products through independently owned furniture stores in many cities, like Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Adelaide. In addition, the company plans to open their international market, establish frequent shipping between Australia and north-east Asian to increase its international market share, satisfy the demand of customers. This article focuses on Moda Milano Mobili’s financial position and its competitive advantages in both domestic and international market. General Environment (1) Political From political factors to analyse the current and next few years, the ba sic political situation tends to stabilized. Peace and development are the two major themes of the contemporary world. Under this situation, world furniture industry also keeps a steady growth trend. China is the biggest competitor and the potential market of Australia. By entering the World Trade Organization, China’s tariff barriers have being removed. This basally becomes an opportunity of Australian furniture industry to export their products into China. (2) Economic Economic cycle is a response to the economy from the Boom – Decline – Recession – Recovery. Case Study: Moda Milano Mobili Essay Body Paragraphs According the chart, there is a sharp decline in Australian GDP in 2009 after the 2008’s boom which is not only caused by the America sub prime mortgage crisis but also caused by the significant decrease of raw and proceed materials’ price. Til the 1st and 2nd quarters this year, there is a slight recovery of Australian GDP, which gives a break to the whole Australian industries include furniture industry. Chart 1 Australian GDP in recently years Sources from Trading Economics (http://www. tradingeconomics. com) (3) Social Up to 7 August 2010, there are 22. million people in Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics), less than 3 people per square kilometer, nearly the least one in the world. The ex-prime minister Kevin Rudd indicated that he had a view about a big Australia which is to increase the population through increase of birthrate and immigrants; and actually, the population of Australia do increased by 2% during these years. However, the new prime-minister Ju lia Gillard argued that she doesn’t believe in a big Australia, the existed infrastructure can’t burden such increase speed of population. That means, increase people’s purchasing power through increasing the population is impossible during the next few years. (4) Technological The most advanced technology is no longer the advantage of Australian furniture industry. Companies from other countries are easy to purchase such technology and use them in their production. (5) Environmental Recently, the environment-protection consciousness has been enhanced. People became care about whether the product would harm the environment, as well as whether they could be harmful to people’s health. With the changes of fashion trends, which is more metal and glass furniture gradually replaced the traditional wood and leather furniture, Australian traditional furniture industry is under challenge. (6) Legal Australian legal system tends to perfect, especially the tax syst em. Australia’s tax rate for corporate is 30% which is a good rate comparing with other developed countries such as America, Japan and German which are nearly 40%. Such the low rate is really good for companies’ development, makes them have capacities to expand their international markets, like exporting their products to those developing countries, even their largest ompetitor China. Chart 2 Tax rate Market Environment (1)Supplier The supplier of Australian timber and leather is not a problem. During the 2009 financial crisis, many timber and leather supplier bankrupted. The price of woods and leather kept decreasing due to the low confidence of the processing industry. This is an opportunity for Moda Milano Mobili as a buyer. Recently, the economic are slightly recovering, to develop owned materials suppliers are important for Moda Milano Mobili. (2)Buyer As I discussed in the previous chapter, Moda Milano Mobili don’t have advantage in domestic market due to the Australian residual purchase power is not strong, and the cheaper price of imported products. But foreign people do interest in Australian furniture because of the materials. Australian Jar-rah is famous as it’s easy to be processed, and hard to be eroded. Currently, Germany and Italy are the main export markets of Australian furniture. After the Beijing furniture credit crisis in 2006(will talk about this later), China will become a new costumer of Moda Milano Mobili. (3)Substitutes There is no substitute product that can replace furniture. However, the metal and glass furniture becomes more fashionable, this could be a threat of Moda Milano Mobili who primary produce wooden and leather furniture. (4)Potential Entrants The important parts in the value chain of Australian furniture industry include materials, human resources and market shares. For the first and second, they are quite limited that not allowed if there are too many new entrants. For market shares, Australia n market is captured by many foreign companies who have the lower price due to their economic of scale. So there won’t lots of new domestic entrants in Australian market; but with the growing globalization, there would be lots of foreign companies with their fashionable designs and high technologies compete for the market share. (5)Rivalry among competitors By searching ‘the domestic furniture manufactures in Australian’, there are 113 results on the list (Australian Home Furniture Directory). There are also many cheaper furniture products imported from other countries like China and America. Base one this situation, Moda Milano Mobili does not have any advantage in domestic market. The Beijing Market As the capital of China, Beijing is undoubtedly the most noteworthy city. Beijing has over 17 million residents distributed in 6 million households. 15. 4% people are over 60 years old who could be more interested in traditional furniture. This means for Moda Milano Mobili whose production are primarily based on contemporary designs with simple clear flowing lines could have a better marker share than those companies who produce traditional style furniture. Particular in the year of 2006, lots of Made-in-Beijing-furniture was reported on the black list due to they are (1) excessive formaldehyde; or (2) their paint is not acid-proof; or (3) the actual materials, like wood or leather are not as they presented, and so on. These all causes Beijing furniture companies lose their goodwill. Consumers no longer trust the local furniture manufactures, which make foreign furniture companies have the opportunity to take a significant market share. Strategy analysis The main problem of Moda Milano Mobili faced is the higher average cost of products due to the small economic scale, which causes the company hard to compete with other foreign furniture companies. In addition, the Australian tariff of import such products are quite low, that means to purchase foreign furniture sometimes much cheaper than buying domestics. Another problem is the serious labor shortage. The professional craftsmen are difficult to be found; one reason is there don’t have that many skilled craftsmen due to Australia’s small population and strict limitations of foreign workers. To enter Beijing market, only relying on materials advantage is not enough. Beijing, as the center of economic in China, lived more than 10 million high-income people. Instead of price, they more care about quality and tastes of the product. Especially after the credit crisis, goodwill became the most important intangible assets that direct effect the company’s profit. Since Moda Milano Mobili plan to create a selling point of ‘made in Australia’. If the company can ensure the product quality and avoid the inferior materials, the selling point could be one of the company’s strength. In addition, Beijing is a city of aging people, to develop kin ds of traditional style furniture to satisfy the elderly people would be necessary. To Increase competitiveness in the markets, to decrease the products’ price is important. It not means using cheaper materials, but to expand the scale of its businesses. Average cost would be decreased if the scale of manufacture; price would be decreased due to decrease the resale and transport costs if there are more owned suppliers and retailers. In order to solving the problems, Moda Milano Mobili plan to hire more craftsmen and expanding the factory; they also trying to appoint more retail distributors in Australia and other countries. Question 2 Austrade provide many services for domestic companies who plan to develop its international markets. Those services are mainly information assists that include:? Provide information about markets and industry trends in particular countries or regions, to assist in the development of investment plans, strategies or objectives;? Make introductions to potential international partners, buyers and other in-market contacts;? Supply referrals to service providers who can give you specialist advice, such as lawyers, business advisors and investment promotion agencies;? Help exporter to access to international governments and other relevant overseas decision-makers in the market;? Advise about the process of establishing an overseas business;? Offer ongoing support, including help in identifying market opportunities, tendering for projects and promoting the business in the market; Other than that, Austrade also created a link with The Export Market Development Grants (EMDG) scheme which is a financial assistance rogram created by Australian government. Reference Australia GDP Growth Rate http://www. tradingeconomics. com/Economics/GDP-Growth. aspx? Symbol=AUD Beijing Statistical Information Net http://www. bjstats. gov. cn/sjfb/pcsj/rkpc/200607/t20060704_45119. htm Australian Home Furniture Directory http://www. homefurniture. com. au/ World Furniture Confederation website http://www. worldfurnitureconfederation. org/ Australia Government http://www. austrade. gov. au/Export/default. aspx We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study: Moda Milano Mobili Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study: Moda Milano Mobili Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study: Moda Milano Mobili Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Legalization of Marijuana for Medicinal Purposes essays

Legalization of Marijuana for Medicinal Purposes essays Legalization of Marijuana for Medicinal Purposes The legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes is an issue that has been debated by many people since the drug was banned in 1937. Many times people will see marijuana as an addictive drug that causes people to commit crimes of violence as well as other legal offenses. But in 1938, the New York Academy of Medicine reported marijuana as a relatively harmless drug with no physically addicting effects and that it did not help in having any effect on the crimes of violence committed by people (Hartley). Marijuana, although technically considered an addictive drug, has a history of medicinal purposes, many current medical uses, and the option to become a government regulated drug. Hartley quotes Berendt in his article saying that the Merck Manual states that there is little evidence of damage from the use of the drug, even among heavy users. As a matter of fact, marijuana has many medicinal uses that date back all the way to about 4000 B.C. where the Chinese first discovered its medicinal uses (Hartley). Hartley states that in 2657 B.C., in a pharmacy book written by emperor Shen-Nung, he recommends marijuana as a cure for gout, rheumatism, malaria, beriberi, constipation, and absent mindedness. Hartley also states: The plant was also being used in the second century A.D. for anesthetics during surgical operations involving stomach and intestines, where acupuncture was ineffective. During this same time period, Germans used the plant to treat convulsions and to help ease childbirth. Poland, Russia, and Lithuania would throw the seeds on hot coals and use the vapors to cure toothaches. Czechoslovakians would use the drug to relieve fevers and dress wounds. The Russians would also use the drug to treat rheumatism and jaundice. Marijuana was mentioned in American books in 1843, where it was recommended as a treatment for gout, tetanus, hyst...

Public International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Public International Law - Essay Example To stop the influx of the people from the mentioned countries, the Immigration Act 1971 came into being. According to which only those Britishers who have strong links with the United Kingdom, the  Channel Islands  and the  Isle of Man had the right to abode, live and seek employment in the United Kingdom and the cited Islands2. Gone are the days when Indians, Africans and the Carribians were on the priority list of job seekers in the United Kingdom. The people of mentioned countries joined Armed Forces and Factories to help the Britishers to fight against their enemies in the World War-II and to produce war related products. Another factor of migration to Britain on the mass scale was the wages of working in the Armed Forces and the Factories, which were higher in Britain as compared to their homelands3. International Laws The International Law, unlike national laws has to address certain laws, rules and regulations, customs (interaction with the people of different countries) , respective governments, businesses entities besides rights and responsibilities in dealing with the sovereign states. The apex body responsible for making international laws must take into consideration the international norms; agreements; treaties; accords, UN charters, protocols; tribunals; memoranda’s; legal precedents of the International Court of Justice etc to adhere and to abide by the member countries4. The diverse legal systems and different historical backgrounds of different countries have compelled the countries to address international law including common law and civil law. It covers all the aspects of domestic laws, substantive laws, procedures and the remedies. The international law is heavily dependant on a) Principle of Comity   b) State Doctrine  and c) Sovereign Immunity5.   Keeping in mind the importance of International law, the developed world hires to address international issues in many of its agencies. The prominent entities are a) State Depa rtment b) Commerce and Environmental Protection Agency. There are number of lawyers who are working in a) United Nations b) World Bank c) Bureaus of American States d) International tribunals e) International Court of Justice and f) certain intergovernmental establishments. Apart from that mentioned above, there are NGOs who keep an eye on the international issues, including but not limited to, development activities, protection of human rights, environment laws, power sector, trade, arms control, drugs, human trafficking and transitional justice6.    National Laws of USA According to the US Nationality Act of 1952 (INA) â€Å"any person who is not a citizen or a national of the United States is considered as Immigrant.† U.S. Immigration law further provides a detailed guidance to the immigrants in terms of residence and naturalized citizenship, wherein they will avail full citizenship rights. It includes regulatory body, which deals with the immigrants, who intend to enter in the US with reference to how long he or she will remain in the country and when he will leave the country7. As far as the duties and obligations of US law enforcers are concerned, they can be termed as shared responsibilities. For example, Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is taking care of its responsibilities towards a) Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) b) U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

SWOT ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SWOT ANALYSIS - Essay Example It I this form of integration that makes it competitive. Throughout its history, the company has enjoyed strong economic growth and constantly increasing cash flow (Baines, Fill, and Page, 230). This has enabled it to expand and command a wider share of the market. At one point in the market, research was ineffective with the company failing to anticipate the need for new products such as phablets. What resulted was late entrance into the market thus affecting sales and revenue. The lack of a wider price differentiation strategy makes the company appear to be a premium category company. This means that many people in the middle and low socioeconomic status disregard its products. Further, the company has overtime depended on revenue from only two products, iPad and iPhone. Most of Apple’s products have remained popular and relevant to many people. This means that the company can continue investing on the same products with the assurance of revenue. The growing technology industry increases the demand for electronic products constantly. The company is thus assured of progress. Lack of price differentiation strategy is detrimental to the company’s quest to get into a wider market. The company is outperformed by competitors such as Samsung on this and the demand for its products may shift when lower priced products are in the market. There is increased a need for innovativeness in the industry (Kurtz, 23). As long as the company enjoys revenue from only two of its products, innovation may be delayed and with time, the products will lose